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Historic Changes in Kelp Distribution

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Project Overview 

Over the last half-century the Strait of Georgia in the northern Salish Sea has warmed at roughly three times the global average, making it an important region in which to assess historical changes to nearshore habitat and to make inferences about potential future community shifts in other regions of the Northeast Pacific. Modern sea surface temperatures in the summer frequently rise above 18°C, a critical temperature threshold for kelp gametophytes, and even above 21°C, a critical threshold for adult kelp sporophytes. In such rapidly warming areas, comparisons of historical and modern environmental conditions can provide key insights about climate change impacts on kelp forests and associated communities, as well as future climate change effects in similar kelp forests that have not yet warmed to the same extent. However, without accurate long-term historical baselines, we are limited to understanding only the most recent conditions, like marine heatwaves, and how they have affected kelp forests communities in temperate waters, giving an incomplete view of long-term climate change impacts. 

Photo: A birds-eye view of kelp surveys in the Salish Sea, bull kelp galore!

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Goals and Objectives 

This project aims to combine archival and modern data to better understand how a half century of extreme warming has shifted kelp species and habitat distributions in this region of the Salish Sea.

Photo: Project lead Brian Timmer and the Baum/KRI team out on the water for field surveys

PC: Brian Timmer

Research Methods 

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Photo: A KRI diver counting species abundance of kelp and invertebrates in the Salish Sea

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For this project, PhD candidate Brian Timmer is resurveying historical data that he found in the University of Victoria Archives to investigate a half-century of change in the Strait of Georgia. This project is a part of KRI’s Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Fund, and is also supported by National Geographic and the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's Trebek Initiative. In 2023, KRI partners at the Hakai Institute mapped the northwestern shoreline of the Strait of Georgia with their Airborne Coastal Observatory, which Brian is comparing to historical aerial imagery collected in 1972 to determine changes in bull kelp (Nereocystis) distribution. The same summer, Brian and his field team re-conducted intertidal and subtidal (SCUBA) surveys of nearly 100 species of seaweed, also originally conducted in 1972 to ground truth the aerial imagery that was collected. 

1972

Summer

2020

Winter

2023

Spring

2023

Summer

2024 

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Aerial Imagery/ Ground Truth Surveys By Dr. Alan Austin

Historical Data Uncovered In UVic Archives

Project Funding Secured From National Geographic, The Trebek Initiative, and DFO AERF

 Surveys Reconducted by KRI With Hakai Institute's Airborne Coastal Observatory

Data Processing/ Analysis, Historical Kelp Habitat Used To Identify KRI restoration sites

2025

Results Will Be Published

This work was made possible through funding from 

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The Kelp Rescue Initiative is a project of the Western Canadian Universities Marine Sciences Society, a not-for-profit, registered Canadian charity (number 119293041RR0001). 100% of proceeds go directly to funding kelp conservation and restoration.

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